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the other approaches are based on positive and negative reinforcement. In an uncontrolled speaking situation, the person who stutters is constantly receiving a form of positive ¥ol4'9&r6eibis listener~by tSe faitn that ' the listener listens attentively while he is stuttering. When using a controlled speaking situation, the positive reinforcing factor can be removed if the listener attaches negative consequences to the stuttering, as if to say: no, I will not listen to your stuttering; I will listen only to the fluent speech.
In setting up clinical or home stuttering programs for children and adults, the speaker is positively reinforced for timed periods of fluency: for example, by saying “good” or reinforcing with tokens, as in the case of a young child. The stuttering should be negatively reinforced by means of a verbal “no” or some other signal.
The end result of this rather simple approach almost invariably produces increased fluent speech and sharply-decreased non-fluent speech.
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