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allow air and moisture to reach the interior of the tree, •exposing the heartwood to fungi and bacteria. This leads to decay within the wood and further weakens the tree. Woodpeckers often return to tunnel nesting chambers in trees at this stage. After they raise their young they depart, preferring to create a new nest for squirrels, blacksnakes, and cavity-nesting birds such as bluebirds, crested flycatchers and screech owls. Even honey bees and hornets find old woodpecker holes attractive.
Several years pass and the bark falls from the tree, revealing scroll marks of engraver beetles that have tunneled long across the wood surface. Much of the tree is dead, its trunk filled with cavities and hollows where raccoons, opossums and gray foxes den up, and ladybugs, spiders, snakes and certain butterflies hibernate.
Pieces of the old tree fall to the ground, creating havens for ground beetles, centipedes, spiders and salamanders in or under the rotting wood. By the time the old tree is completely dead, it has become prime wildlife real estate. Bare limbs offer birds wonderful perches to preen, eat or just loaf, with a full view of
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