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“Each overwintering colony should be headed by a young, productive queen,” noted Fell. “She must be capable of laying large numbers of eggs in the spring if a colony is to build up strength before the major nectar flows.” Colonies with poor queens should be requeened or united with good colonies, depending on colony condition and time of year.
For best results, hives should be located in an eara that has good protection from prevailing winds, good air drainage and a good source of clean water. Hives should also be raised off the ground (use hive stands) and face to the southeast or south.
Fell pointed out that all hives should be provided with a reduced lower entrance, spme type of upper entrance and a layer of moisture absorbent material. "The reduced lower entrance will decrease excess air circulation and prevent the entrance of mice,” he said. "The upper entrance will release moisture-laden air and act as an emergency entrance if the lower one becomes clogged.”
Moisture-absorbing material, such as an insulite board or newspaper, is placed over the inner cover to hold moisture until it can evaporate. Packing of colonies, as practiced in the northern states, is not necessary in Virginia.
According to Fell, colonies in Virginia should go into winter with a minimum of 50-60 pounds of honey and three to five frames of pollen. Colonies lacking in honey reserves should be fed a 2:1
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