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"...without important effects on those neighbors."
Lenore Trott and I observed commensalism last May in southern Vermont. A European Weeping Birch, with chalky white bark, grew just outside the dining room window of the house where we were staying. We watched the sapsucker drill holes in the trunk; he was systematic about making neat horizontal rows. Withing days a male Rubythroated Hummingbird arrived and hovered at each hole, drinking the sweet sap.
1 am a tree-trunk watcher and find very few mature trees that have not been visited by sapsuckers. The regular rows of holes, now sealed up, show clearly for years after the sapsucker drilling. If drilling by these birds harmed trees there wouldn't be many trees around, or hole-drilling, sap — sipping birds for that matter. Sapsuckers have been drilling into tree trunks for millions of years. I am not concerned with the result. Nature has a way of dealing with these relationships. Adaptation and evolution worked out any problems long ago.
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