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The clipping this text was read from
The clipping this text was read from

But that left the president without a constitutionally established council of advisors, and he needed one. During the war, Washington had regularly assembled his top officers for full discussions before he made decisions, and he found it difficult to function any other way. The obvious solution was to use his department heads as an advisory council; but the Constitution authorized the president only to “require” their opinions “in writing,” and said nothing about consultations or verbal opinions.

For that reason, it was not until the end of 1791 that Washington called a meeting of his “cabinet” (which, at first, included the vice president). It was not until 1793, during the French Revolutionary War crisis, that Washington began to hold cabinet meetings as a regular procedure.

Another feature of the Constitution also discomfited Washington. The Constitution requires the president to swear an oath to “preserve,

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