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In the North
In the North, there generally was freedom of person, however discrimination in White churches led the Blacks to form their own institutions, with Philadelphia in the forefront. In 1816, Richard Allen, pastor of one of the early black churches in that city, founded the African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Church, the first Black denomination. As the only societal institution controlled by Blacks, the A.M.E. and other churches became the center of not only religious, but also social and political needs of their community, most notably the movements for abolition. The prominent roles of the Black churches in the civil rights movement were a continuation of what, by the 20th Century, was a long tradition.
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