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Only 185 have farm implements.
“Corn leading crop; oats next, with rye, wheat and buckwheat and hay falling far below. Potatoes grown by many and apples by a few . . . 158 families no corn; 389 families no oats; 116 no potatoes.
“Cash income for a family — 19 not recorded, probably very low: 33 no cash income: 218 $1 to $100 per year; 88 $101 to $200 per year: 78 $201 to $500 per year: 26 $501 to $1,000 per year: two $1,000 to more per year.
Remembering more than $1.8 million went into park area land purchase, one might expect these mountain families to receive considerable sums for their properties. However, more than half of them had no equity at all in the land on which they lived, being tenants most often and “squatters” in some cases. Most large grazing tracts as well as some smaller ones were owned by valley farmers and other large tracts by timber and mineral concerns. Two hundred sixty-eight families had no equity: 61 received $1 to $500 equity in real estate; 60 received $501 to $1,000; 41 received $1,001 to $2,000: 35 families $2001 to more.”
Mr. Zerkel and others familiar with the mountain people realized what outsider did not: That they relied Very little on cash and farmed for their own needs rather than for profit. The idea of them making a living on homesteads in villages, where cash was more important, was a misconception. Once removed from a subsistence economy, most homesteaders eventually drifted away to “public work. ”
92.9%