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1 he problem is complex:
• The global economy depends on energy, mostly from carbon-based fuels.
• A time lag of decades exists between emissions and consequent climate change.
• The huge capital investment in fossil fuel use cannot be replaced quickly.
• The atmosphere is global; protecting it requires cooperation of many nations.
• Industrial nations are principal emitters, but the poorest countries may suffer most from climate change.
• The United States remains the biggest emitter, but a laggard in addressing the problem.
So we face unknown but potentially civilization-threatening changes, the risk calling for costly international action now
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