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Some, like the primrose, assure cross-pollination by keeping their male and female parts on separate plants. Some keep their pistil above or away from their stamens so pollen cannot accidentally fall on it.
Some lilies change from a male phase with stamens protruding to a female phase when the stamens shrivel and the pistil protrudes. Once the flower is pollinated, it closes up.
Overy said that color is used by the plant to signal its pollinators that food is available. Flowers will often change color to attract the pollinator at the optimum time for fertilization or to deter the pollinator once fertilization ' Has occurred. Our native Trillium grandiflora turns from white (attractive) to pink (too late). Bluebells turn from pink (not ready yet) to blue (come on).
According to Overy, hummingbirds see orange and red. Bees see no red but do see the rest of the spectrum into ultraviolet. Humans cannot see ultraviolet so, we really do not see flowers as bees see them.
Blue tends to be the bees favorite color with yellow a close second. Some flowers have colorful “bee guides” on their petals which may or may not be visible to us humans. Yellow throats on many flowers serve the same function.
There are “devoted” flowers like Monkshood which will accept only one type of pollinator and “promiscuous”
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