Block · one region of the page, as the scanner read it. It may hold a whole story, part of one, several, or an advertisement; stitching blocks into articles is the next step. Text is supplied OCR.
Page 28 · column 4 of 5 · from the scan, no model involved
Pavlov was the first scientist to make a scientific study of learning. He performed experiments in which dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell with food. Pavlov termed this response as “conditioned reflex.” His study would have also worked with horses: picture a horse reaction when he hears the feed cart or a peppermint wrapper crinkle.
• 20th-century American psychologist Edward Tolman noted that the behavior of most animals suggests sophisticated navigation. He argued that all animals have a “cognitive map” and some sense of direction. Using horses, he could have proved that fact indisputably: imagine a horse finding his way “home” when the rider becomes directionally disoriented. • Harvard biologist Donald Griffin is one of the leading scientists to advocate animal consciousness in his book, “Animal Thinking."
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