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that .when the Constitution was adopted;' Senators were elected by their respective State legislatures rather than by the people. Senators represented the residual sovereignty of the States in a federal union. It was felt that a treaty that obligated the nation to a course of action must be accepted by the States since they collectively made up the nation. With the decline of State’s Rights and the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment (1913) providing for the popular election of Senators, the Senate has lost this special character. It can no longer be said to differ from the House.
The House was excluded from diplomacy. The House, directly elected with short terms, reflected public opinion. However, many of the Framers felt that public opinion was too uninformed, emotional and fickle to be the basis for a sound foreign policy. The Senate, a smaller body, appointed by the States with longer terms, was better suited to form a council of advisors to the President. Even then, the President was free to ignore advice. The interpretation is most clearly set forth in the Federalist No. 75 written by Alexander Hamilton in March 1788
In the latter, Hamilton states: “The Legislative Department is not the organ of intercourse between the United States and foreign Nations. It is therefore not naturally the Or
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